In 2024, Karthik Muralidharan publishes Accelerating India’s Development: A State-Led Roadmap for Effective Governance, advocating strengthening state capacity in India.

In 2024, Arvind Panagariya publishes The Nehru-Era: Economic History and Thought & Their Lasting Impact, assessing the Nehruvian economic legacy and its influence on modern India.

In 2024, Arvind Panagariya publishes India’s Trade Policy: The 1990s and Beyond, which examines India’s trade policy since economic liberalization in 1991.

In 2022, noted economist and policymaker C. Rangarajan publishes Forks in the Road: My Days at RBI and Beyond, a detailed look at the intricacies of economic policy making in India.

In 2020, economist Isher Judge Ahluwalia publishes Breaking Through: A Memoir, a deeply personal and telling tale of her personal and professional journey in a male-dominated field, including her experiences during the 1991 reforms.

In 2020, policymaker Montek Singh Ahluwalia publishes Backstage: The Story Behind India’s High Growth Years, a detailed behind-the-scenes account of India’s 1991 economic reforms.

In 2019, Vijay Kelkar and Ajay Shah publish In Service of the Republic: The Art and Science of Economic Policy, a deep dive into the complexities of economic policy making in India.

In 2019 Yashwant Sinha publishes Relentless: An Autobiography, an account of his role as a key architect of India’s economic reforms.

In 2019, economist Shankar Acharya publishes An Economist at Home and Abroad, a compelling memoir of his personal and professional experiences, including experience with India’s liberalization.

In 2018, Rakesh Mohan publishes India Transformed: 25 Years of Economic Reforms to analyze India’s development trajectory since 1991.

In 2016, Praveen Chakravarty and Vivek Dehejia publish a paper on India’s regional divergence coining the term “3-3-3 Puzzle.”

In 2016, Sameer Kochhar publishes The Untold Story of Indian Reforms 1991–2016, an account of the impact of the reforms since 1991.

In 2016, economist Vijay Joshi publishes India’s Long Road: The Search for Prosperity, outlining a comprehensive roadmap for India to achieve sustained prosperity.

In 2015, politician and policymaker Jairam Ramesh publishes To the Brink and Back: India’s 1991 Story, a cogent account of the 1991 economic reforms.

In 2015, journalist T. N. Ninan publishes The Turn of the Tortoise: The Challenge and Promise of India’s Future, a comprehensive look at India’s economic, social, and political evolution.

In 2013, economists Jagdish Bhagwati and Arvind Panagariya publish Why Growth Matters: How Economic Growth in India Reduced Poverty and the Lessons for Other Developing Countries, arguing that economic growth is an effective tool for alleviating poverty.

In 2012, stalwart economists Jagdish Bhagwati and Arvind Panagariya publish Reforms and Economic Transformation in India, an in-depth analysis of the policy changes driving India’s economic transformation since the 1990s.

In 2011, Abhijit Banerjee and Esther Duflo publish Poor Economics: A Radical Rethinking of the Way to Fight Global Poverty, presenting a groundbreaking exploration of global poverty and offering fresh perspectives on how to address it effectively.

In 2011, Ashok Kotwal, Bharat Ramaswami, and Wilima Wadhwa publish Economic Liberalization and Indian Economic Growth: What’s the Evidence?, which assesses the 1991 reforms’ impact in the following two decades.

In 2008, Nandan Nilekani publishes Imagining India: The Idea of a Renewed Nation, bringing new insights on the country as a cofounder of Infosys and a prominent voice in India’s innovation landscape.

In 2008, Arvind Panagariya publishes India: The Emerging Giant, a seminal work on India’s transformation into a significant player in the global economy after 1991.

In 2007, Arvind Subramanian publishes India’s Turn: Understanding the Economic Transformation, which explores the catalysts of and challenges to India’s economic rise.

In 2007, journalist Edward Luce publishes In Spite of the Gods: The Strange Rise of Modern India, a compelling and nuanced portrait of India’s complex and paradoxical ascent as a global power.

In 2007, historian Ramachandra Guha publishes India After Gandhi: The History of the World’s Largest Democracy, chronicling India’s economic journey before and after the 1991 reforms.

In 2006, Bimal Jalan publishes The Future of India: Politics, Economics, and Governance, reflecting on the country’s economic history and newfound optimism.

In 2005, Amartya Sen publishes The Argumentative Indian, exploring India’s identity through history of thought.

In 2004, Arun Maira publishes Remaking India: One Country, One Destiny, exploring what India needs to do to create a more prosperous and inclusive future.

In 2004, political scientist Atul Kohli publishes State-Directed Development: Political Power and Industrialization in the Global Periphery, offering keen insight into the interplay between politics and economics in India’s development journey.

Economists Dani Rodrik and Arvind Subramanian join forces to publish From Hindu Rate of Growth to Productivity Surge: The Mystery of the Indian Growth Transition in 2004.

In the first decade of the 21st century, Y. V. Reddy helps India strengthen its banking sector and build on the 1991 reforms.

In 2002, Montek Singh Ahluwalia publishes Economic Reforms in India since 1991: Has Gradualism Worked?, evaluating India’s path of gradual economic reform.

In 2002, economist Anne O. Krueger publishes Economic Policy Reforms and the Indian Economy, offering comprehensive insights into various aspects of India’s reform journey.

In 2002, economists Isher Judge Ahluwalia and Ian D. Little publish India’s Economic Reforms and Development: Essays for Manmohan Singh, a collection of essays that pay tribute to Dr. Manmohan Singh, a key architect of the 1991 economic reforms.

In 2002, Martin Ravallion and Gaurav Datt publish Why Has Economic Growth Been More Pro-Poor in Some States of India than Others?, which examines regional disparities in India’s poverty reduction and economic growth.

In 2000, historian Romila Thapar publishes India: Another Millennium, a thought-provoking anthology that examines India’s historical journey and the complexities of its identity as the country approaches the twenty-first century.

In 2000, T. N. Srinivasan publishes Eight Lectures on India’s Economic Reforms, an acute analysis of India’s 1991 economic reforms.

Infosys becomes a symbol of India’s postliberalization growth and global integration.

In 2000, Gurcharan Das, a public intellectual, publishes India Unbound, an account of India’s economic journey from independence in 1947 to the twenty-first century.

In 1999, Nobel laureate Amartya Sen publishes Development as Freedom, reframing development as a means to expand human freedom.

In 1997, Shashi Tharoor publishes India: From Midnight to the Millennium, examining India’s post-independence achievements, challenges, and evolving identity.

In 1997, Sunil Khilnani publishes The Idea of India, an analysis of India’s identity, diversity, and democracy.

In 1996, economists Vijay Joshi and Ian D. Little publish India’s Economic Reforms, 1991–2001, an in-depth analysis of the impacts of liberalization.

The World Trade Organization replaces the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade in 1995, and India’s membership influences its trade policies in the aftermath of economic reforms.

In 1992, economist Bimal Jalan publishes The Indian Economy: Problems and Prospects, which provides a nuanced understanding of the complexities of India’s economic environment in the early years after 1991.

Neoliberal thought influences India in the run-up to its shift from a state-controlled economy to a market-driven one.

In 1991, The World Bank and International Monetary Fund declared their commitment to helping India.

Especially after 1991, rupee convertibility shifted from stringent controls to partial liberalization, enabling India to stabilize its economy and enhance global integration.

The Government of India introduces the New Economic Policy in 1991 to restore macroeconomic stability.

The 1991–92 Economic Survey of India highlights the impending balance-of-payments crisis and underscores the need for economic reforms.

In 1991, four prominent economists issue a joint statement in support of devaluation.

Laxman’s cartoons humorously critique pre-liberalization India’s License Raj.

In 1990, Rakesh Mohan and Vandana Aggarwal write a research paper that will become the groundwork for the New Industrial Policy of 1991.

In 1990, Montek Singh Ahluwalia authors the M Document, a precursor to the 1991 reforms.

From independence in 1947 to liberalization in 1991, the License-Permit-Quota Raj governs the Indian economy, leading to economic inefficiencies and decades of slow growth.

Both the 1960s and 1980s, dubbed the Lost Decade, saw economic stagnation and paved the way for economic reforms.

In 1985, Isher Judge Ahluwalia publishes Industrial Growth in India: Stagnation since the Mid-1960s, looking at industrial stagnation in post-independence India.

In 1985, Finance Minister V. P. Singh presents a milestone budget, paving the way for a more liberal, market-oriented economy.

In 1984, economist Pranab Bardhan publishes The Political Economy of Development in India, providing an overview of the historical and political contexts of India’s economic evolution before liberalization.

1982 came to be dubbed the Year of Productivity by then prime minister Indira Gandhi.

In 1980, Deepak Lal’s Prices for Planning: Towards the Reform of Indian Planning advocates market-based price signals to better allocate resources.

In 1977, H. M. Patel’s maiden budget speech marks a transformative moment in India’s economic history, with policy shifting toward a more market-based orientation.

In 1975, Hollis Chenery develops the patterns-of-development approach, which identifies common patterns and structural changes in developing economies as they grow.

In 1975, B. R. Shenoy asserts that interventionism is the root cause of corruption.

In 1975, Bhagwati and Srinivasan’s Foreign Trade Regimes and Economic Development: India examines India’s economic development vis-à-vis its trade policies.

In 1971, The Bretton Woods system came to an end; India, like many other countries, moved to a floating exchange rate regime, exacerbating its growing balance-of-payments crisis.

In 1971, Sudha Shenoy’s India: Poverty or Progress? is published, voicing a libertarian critique of India’s economic policies.

In 1971, Peter Bauer’s Dissent on Development contributes new ideas to development economics and has wide-ranging implications for growing nations including India.

In 1969, The Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act was enacted, strengthening the License Raj.

In 1969, almost all banks in the country were nationalized, with the intention of serving the interests of all citizens.

In 1968, Bhagwati and Desai publish India: Planning for Industrialisation, whose insights foreshadowed the 1991 economic reforms.

In 1964, Raúl Prebisch becomes secretary-general of UNCTAD and promotes import substitution as a growth strategy.

In 1964, Manmohan Singh writes his doctoral thesis under Ian D. Little, in which he challenges import substitution and argues for free trade.

In 1962, India formed closer ties with the USSR, with profound economic implications.

Between the 1950s and 1980s, India experienced sluggish growth.

Walt Whitman Rostow formulates his stages-of-growth theory, which will influence the field of development economics.

In 1959, C. Rajagopalachari forms the Swatantra Party, which would propound a market-oriented economy.

In 1958, The Aid India Consortium was formed, pledging foreign aid to India in the midst of balance-of-payments pressures.

In 1958, India signed a trade agreement with the USSR, alleviating balance-of-payments pressure in the short run.

In 1957, Gunnar Myrdal publishes Economic Theory and Underdeveloped Regions.

In 1956, economists Robert Solow and Trevor Swan develop the Solow-Swan growth model to explain long-run economic growth.

In 1956, A. D. Shroff sets up the Forum for Free Enterprise to promote principles of private enterprise and free markets in India.

In 1956, C. N. Vakil and P. R. Brahmananda provide an alternative to Mahalanobis’s development approach.

In 1955, the Avadi session of the Indian National Congress established socialism in India.

In 1955, P. C. Mahalanobis creates the two- and four-sector models, which would influence India’s economic policy making.

In 1955, B. R. Shenoy becomes a voice of dissent on India’s central planning.

In 1955, Milton Friedman visits India and critiques the Second Five-Year Plan.

In 1954, Arthur Lewis develops the dual-sector model, which would be used by India’s policy makers for economic planning.

In 1953, Ragnar Nurkse’s balanced-growth theory shapes India’s industrialization strategy.

In 1950, Import-Substituting Industrialization becomes a prominent economic strategy, particularly in India and other developing nations.

In 1950, The Prebisch-Singer hypothesis encourages developing countries to adopt import-substitution policies for industrialization.

In 1948, The Industrial Policy Resolution of 1948 set the stage for India’s economic trajectory after independence.

India’s role in the Non-Aligned Movement directly and indirectly affected its economic performance after independence.

In 1946, the Harrod-Domar growth model comes to prominence. It would later become the basis for India’s First Five-Year Plan (1951–56).

In 1944, the Bombay Plan sets the tone for Indian economic development.

In 1944, Minoo Masani reconsiders socialism and comes to advocate a mixed economy.

In 1943, Rosenstein-Rodan devises the big-push model of development, which would shift India’s focus to industrialization after independence.

In 1942, economist Joseph Schumpeter develops a theory of creative destruction, which underscores the importance of innovation for long-term economic development.

In 1941, Leontief develops input-output analysis, which would form a critical part of Indian economic policy after independence.

In 1938, Subhas Chandra Bose establishes the All India Forward Bloc, and the state begins to focus on industrializing.

In 1934, M. Visvesvaraya publishes Planned Economy for India, advocating planned economic development.

In 1931, Protectionism gained prominence after the Karachi Resolution.

In 1926, Harold Laski is appointed chair of the Department of Government at the London School of Economics, where he would influence future Indian leaders with socialist and democratic ideals.